Being able to "describe" something after the instruction has been completed means that the pupil has acquired "knowledge". Being able to explain, summarize, give examples, etc. Similarly, being able to develop, plan, solve problems, construct, etc.
Each of the specific objectives in this syllabus contains an "action verb" that describes the behaviour the pupil will be able to demonstrate after the instruction.
It has been realized unfortunately that schools still teach the low ability thinking skills of knowledge and understanding and ignore the higher ability thinking skills.
Instruction in most cases has tended to stress knowledge acquisition to the detriment of the higher ability behaviours such as application, analysis, etc. For there to be any change in the quality of people who go through the school system, pupils should be encouraged to apply their knowledge, develop analytical thinking skills, develop plans, generate new and creative ideas and solutions, and use their knowledge in a variety of ways to solve mathematical problems while still in school. Each action verb indicates the underlying profile dimension of each particular specific objective.
Read each objective carefully to know the profile dimension toward which you have to teach. Profile dimensions describe the underlying behaviours for teaching, learning and assessment. The weights indicated on the right of the dimensions show the relative emphasis that the teacher should give in the teaching, learning and testing processes in the subject.
Combining the three dimensions in the teaching and learning process will ensure that Social Studies is taught and studied not only at the cognitive level, but will also lead to the acquisition of positive attitudes and values on the part of pupils. Knowledge is simply the ability to remember or recall material already learned and constitutes the lowest level of learning. Understand The ability to explain, summarize, translate, rewrite, paraphrase, give examples, generalize, estimate or predict consequences based upon a trend.
These levels include application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. These may be considered and taught separately, paying attention to reflect each of them equally in your teaching. Details of each of the four sub-levels are as follows: Application The ability to apply rules, methods principles, theories, etc.
It also involves the ability to produce solve, operate, plan, demonstrate, discover etc. Analysis The ability to break down a piece of material into its component parts, to differentiate, compare distinguish, outline, separate, identify significant points etc. Synthesis The ability to put parts together to form a new whole; It involves the ability to combine, compile, compose, device, plan, revise, design, organize, create and generate new ideas and solutions.
Evaluation refers to the ability to judge the worth or value of some material based on specified criteria. The dimension consists of a number of learning and behavioural levels such as receiving, responding, valuing and organizing. The specific behaviours in each of the four levels are as follows: receiving The ability to follow directions, listen, show awareness and sensitivity, accept, ask questions, and reply to questions etc. It refers to the ability to accept, defend, arrange, formulate, generalize, modify, and defend a belief or good cause.
Select from the action verbs provided for your teaching, in evaluating learning before, during and after the instruction. Use the action verbs also in writing your test questions. This will ensure that you give your pupils the chance to develop and demonstrate good thinking skills and the capacity for excellent performance in examinations and in practical life.
Check the weights of the profile dimensions to ensure that you have given the required emphasis to each of the dimensions in your teaching and assessment. In developing assessment procedures, try to select specific objectives in such a way that you will be able to assess a representative samples of the syllabus objectives. Each specific objective in the syllabus is considered a criterion to be achieved by the pupil. In many cases, a teacher cannot test all the objectives taught in a term, in a year etc.
Paper 1 will usually be an objective-type paper. Paper 2 will consist of structured questions, essentially testing. The SBA will be based on all the three dimensions. The distribution of marks for the objective test items, structured questions and the continuous assessment should be in line with the weights of the profile dimensions already indicated, and as shown in the last column of the table. In the examination structure below, Paper 1 is marked out of 40; Paper 2 is marked out of , and SBA is marked out of 60, giving a total of marks.
The last row shows the weight of marks allocated to each of the three test components. The two test papers are weighted differently to reflect their individual importance in the total examination.
The last but one row, shows the raw total marks allocated to each of the dimensions. The weight of each of the three dimensions is indicated in the last column. SBA is a very effective system for teaching and learning if carried out properly. The 12 assessments are labeled as Task 1, Task 2, Task 3 and Task 4. Task will be administered in Term 1; Tasks will be administered in Term 2, and Tasks administered in Term 3.
Task 1 will be administered as an individual test coming at the end of the first month of the term. The equivalent of Task 1 will be Task 5 and Task 9 to the administered in Term 2 and Term 3 respectively. Task 2 will be administered as a Group Exercise and will consist of two or three instructional objectives that the teacher considers difficult to teach and learn.
The selected objectives could also be those objectives considered very important and which therefore need pupils to put in more practice. Task 2 will be administered at the end of the second month in the term. Task 3 will also be administered as individual test under the supervision of the class teacher at the end of the 11th or 12 week of the term. Task 4 and also Task 8 and Task 12 will be a project to be undertaken throughout the term and submitted at the end of the term.
Schools will be supplied with 9 project topics divided into three topics for each term. A pupil is expected to select one project topic for each term.
Projects for the second term will be undertaken by teams of pupils as Group Projects. Projects are intended to encourage pupils to apply knowledge and skills acquired in the term to write an analytic or investigative paper, write a poem 9 as may be required in English and Ghanaian Languages , use science and mathematics to solve a problem or produce a physical three-dimensional product as may be required in Creative Arts and in Natural Science.
The following guidelines are provided for marking assignments of such nature. Main Text -Descriptions, use of charts etc. They have to be taught to start with an introduction and conclude their writing appropriately. The marks derived from projects, the end of month tests and home work specifically designed for the SBA should together constitute the School Based Assessment component marked out of 60 per cent.
For this reason, the 60 marks for the SBA will be scaled to The SBA and the end-of-term test marks will hence be combined in equal proportions of The equal proportions will affect only assessment in the school system. A marking scheme, as you may be aware, consists of the points for the best answer you expect for each essay question or structured question, and the mark s allocated for each point raised by the pupil as well as the total marks for the question.
For objective test papers, you may develop an answer key to speed up the marking. The descriptors Excellent, Very Good etc indicate the meaning of each grade. You therefore have to write the meaning of the grade alongside the score you write. Apart from the score and the grade descriptor, it will be important also to write a short diagnosis of the points the pupil should consider in order to do better in future tests etc.
Comments such as the following may also be added to the grades: Keep it up Has improved Could do better Hardworking Not serious in class More room for improvement, etc.
Note that the grade boundaries above are also referred to as grade cut-off scores. When you adopt a fixed cut-off score grading system as in this example, you are using the criterion-referenced grading system. By this system a pupil must make a specified score to earn the appropriate grade. This system of grading challenges pupils to study harder to earn better grades. It is hence very useful for achievement testing and grading. Knowledge of the value State types of of the environment and Types of environment are the physical Discuss the physical and social environment how to sustain it is vital and the social environments and show how each for the continued affects the other.
Physical — Air, water, land, living Environment degradation organisms etc. There is therefore the urgent need for Ghanaians to become aware of this problem so as to adopt the necessary measures to solve the problem. Skin diseases environmental degradation secondly provide effective Destruction of vegetation etc. The period lasts Guide pupils to discuss the The Problem between years.
Adolescents have little knowledge about their 1. This leads them 1. Little information or Explain chastity wrong information leads 1. A number of routes of the five major ethnic groups to arrows and labels, the originally settled and their the ethnic groups migrated from old present day Ghana routes of the major ethnic Almost all the ethnic present location Ghana empire which covered the groups to present day groups in Ghana area presently occupied by parts of Ghana. The different places at one Mole Dagbon group came from the time or the other, to their area around Lake Chad, while present place.
We have others like the Ewe and the Ga- lived together in this Adangbes came from Benin and Pupils in groups, to select nation in the past as Nigeria respectively. Each we can move together group to present a report into the future in unity. Pupils discuss ways of sustaining peace, stability, unity and development in Ghana. Education, infrastructure Ghana. Mensah Sarbah to education, Christianity and education other infrastructural development. However 2. Taste for foreign goods negative effects of colonization in and suggest solutions.
Slave Trade and later Loss of true identity Ghana colonization. These Distortion of cultures etc. It is therefore retards progress in expense of made in Ghana goods, Ghana. Write an essay on how to important for us to re- Ghana.
Assist pupils to discuss the causes of the place in the process of II Poll Tax Ordinance of ; events listed In the content, and how the establishing self causes and effects. These were essentially Ghana. The critical they fought for nationhood. The founding discuss Project: problem facing the nation is how to achieve, economic independence leaders include Dr.
B Danquah; the role they played towards Investigate and Dr. Kwame independence. Nkrumah, Obetsebi Lamptey, Akuffo two of the founding 2. Susanna Halm and Casely Hayford. Let students discuss the implications of the time.
Roads built last for two situations and relate findings to the few years, industries - indecision and inability to prioritize well. Positive attitude demonstrated - improper project planning procedures during the Operation Feed Yourself - lack of effective methods for project Programme in the early coordination s only lasted a few years.
We have 3. But the - Funds are saved for other projects. There is 3. Use in Ghana? Ghanaians to realize this be sustained. The purpose and - procreation process of getting - economic support etc.
Thus, the before getting married background history of potential - Courtship. Religious People do not want to ii. Customary Discuss residence patterns of take up the iii. Patrilocal Through question and answer and this has also ii. Matrilocal students to come out with the two weakened the iii. Duolocal etc. Breakdown of marriages may result in: - broken homes - parental irresponsibility, - child delinquency - enmity between families etc.
The challenges that confront couples in marriage - financial problems, - sexual problems, - - childlessness, - disagreement on family size - sex etc. Parenthood is the state of being a The Problem parent. It starts when pregnancy is confirmed.
Parenthood however Traditionally the Ghanaian was stops when one dies. This tradition responsibilities of parents provision of: and let each group discuss the seems to have been lost in - health needs responsibilities of parenting view of modern education and - physical needs urbanization. There is therefore a reduction 1. This Consequences of irresponsible became a drug addict herself.
Culture changes with Differentiate between agencies and and society? Agencies responsible for agents of socialization. Every society has over the socialization include the Home, the years evolved ways and School, Organisations, the Media and means of passing its cultural the community.
Every nation wants to values to the next perpetuate its cultural heritage and generations. In Ghana this socialization helps in achieving this process has become more by assisting young people to fit into complicated by the advent of society.
Let them investigate from socialization process. Students write an essay on socialization process and how sense of belonging etc. The Religious bodies: Character existing agencies of formation, values development etc. The complementary role of Family school and the family complement and school worked together school system for example the school and the -transmission of culture each other in character formation of the towards the development of places more emphasis on family in character -intellectual development individual the child?
These School have negative repercussions The school has not adjusted fully to on the well being of the the needs of society.
Nuclear family people related by blood. Extended family also be a member of a family through adoption. A family may be nuclear or The Problem extended Some people would like to 1. This trend of families composition of the two. The family and Legal: accountability law - testate - intestate ii.
Let them express their views on the roles family members play when such cases arise concerning a family member: -arrested by -involved in a accident -sickness -contracting marriage etc.
Ghana over the years have been trying to practise democratic 2. Ghanaians were under a -constitutional rule traditional type of -rule of law etc. Apart from this the country has been under different types of government who were not practising democracy. For instance there protected and guaranteed are leaders in Government - Mass participation in government Students discuss the type of government who claim to be practising - Equity in development project under which cooperation and team work democracy but are - Provide enabling environment for are emphasized and give reasons unwilling to be responsible stability for their actions.
It is - International credibility is gained therefore important that people have a better understanding of Western 2. There is therefore a Many Ghanaians seem to reciprocal relationship between leadership have poor conception of and followership leadership and acquisition of wealth whilst 2. Such wrong Qualities of a follower: notions have adversely -humility -cooperation -dedication affected the socio- -loyalty -sense of team work economic development of the nation.
Ghana has abundant natural 3. Education tilts towards the 3. Technology show the relationship between science and Technology. The Problem to satisfy a human need. Despite the emphasis placed 3.
Students identify some common on the study of science in knowledge is used for Some examples are as follows: - based technologies that have been invented. Ghana, most of the products increased development on the principles of floatation the ship Let them explain the scientific principles of our educational system and technological was invented.
On the principles of air- underlying such inventions. Students make use of any of the development of new scientific findings in the creation of a technologies. There nation have been cross breeding of animals, research soils, road construction, the type of fertilizers and machines to use etc.
The focus of formal education With formal education, learning is carried has been on the attainment of out in specially built institutions. What is knowledge to the neglect of taught is structured by means of syllabus character building. Formal education in Ghana Non-formal education is the system of addresses itself mostly to the education which is outside the main needs of society but it minimizes stream of formal education e.
The change between education can come by deliberate attempts at Students interview three educated and societal change. What is responsible for the technical know-how, we should and the circumstances environment. For instance farming influences on daily life. However, the Ghanaian dictated by seasonal changes, has little control of the environment unlike other countries where the and engages in activities in people have been able to adopt accordance with the dictates of the practices that allow farming all physical environment.
We should practise irrigation production during the dry season, tap solar energy, develop windmills, adopt farming practices that do not degrade the environment, etc. Students report on The Problem in Ghana. As environmental life, floods, global warming, etc.
We use them to Ghana. Electrocutions, and causes of accidents that occur the environment. Motor accidents, 1. Explain safety ways environment -Obeying proper road sign and traffic to be adopted when regulations using the road -Education on road safety regulations -Reading and obeying operation instructions on all appliances purchased. These the individual announcement on radio: to day administration of nation building stakeholders are the people who enjoy the constitution the nation.
This The constitution sets the guidelines for country with immediate attitude affects their governing the nation. Write an essay on own well being, the what you would do. This means that the guidelines for governing the nation as documented in the constitution must be followed to ensure national development. These Rights go when they are due. However in Ghana there 2. There are previously Constitution in nation building, the others who seem to be ignorant about importance of law and order in ensuring: totally ignorant of both their a stability rights and responsibilities.
In Executive. In the second case, school. Community and advancement. These are the social life, including the legal Students discuss some of the social The Problem system, and the operation of the problems of the country and assess industries including the extractive, whether these lead to development or Our national economic life manufacturing, and the service not depends on the set of industries.
Unfortunately the right linkages economy. Also the individual entrepreneurial skills and attitudes that are needed for a buoyant economy are woefully inadequate. Students to utilize the of the Ghanaian, encouraging savings and knowledge gained in the survey to banking habits in the Ghanaian, pursuing discuss how best to improve the appropriate national policies etc.
It is evidenced when workers Many Ghanaians wrongly within the same time span and using the equate work only with same resources achieve greater output government employment and within a shorter time without because we wrongly think that compromising quality.
This of planning and initiative, pilfering, collapse of the business that employs work in Ghana has become a canker among falsification of accounts, diversion of them. Students discuss how such Ghanaians. Thus no matter money, etc. The discuss workers who are always late Many Ghanaians do not work output of work business can therefore not be self- for work, lazy and uncooperative, etc. This has Students discuss why employers do rendered most enterprises not want to keep workers who do not unproductive and unprofitable.
The problem above the age of This situation is alarming, to the economy? This has Some of the implications are; high negative effects on the socio- dependency, low savings, pressure on economic development of the existing facilities, etc. There is the population growth in Ghana population growth. The ideal family size. It has certain session on the explanation of culture. The Problem 1. It also refers to the phenomenon people.
This 1. There are many elements in Some cultural expressions like dance our varied cultural heritage and music and festivals also bind us which we can employ in together. Some common customs like child out- dooring, marriage ceremonies, and meaning of funerals etc.
UNIT 3 1. Write this on town, and district, regional, national. For blackboard and lead students to classify The Problem the international level we have sub-regional them.
West African sub-region, Regional Many Ghanaians have e. African and the World. Communities failed to understand the fact can also be identified according to interests that a community is made such as work, education, associations and through the concerted clubs etc. I have already downloaded the free ones.
What else can I DO? I dont seem to find any past questions for that of Visual Art. They will be uploaded onto the website soon.
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